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American Family Physician October 15, 2006 Sharonne N. Hayes	Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Women The American Heart Association guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women provide physicians with a clear plan for assessment and treatment of cardiovascular disease risk and personalization of treatment recommendations.
Nurse Practitioner September 2011 Wells & Kalman	Women & Heart Disease: Symptoms and Treatment Guidelines Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death for women. Nurse practitioners need to educate women about their risk and follow practice guidelines.
Nursing Management August 2008 Jill R. Quinn	Women and Heart Disease: An Update A look at statistics regarding coronary heart disease in women as well as related risk factors and prevention.
American Family Physician June 15, 2005 Hanna & Wenger	Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Elderly Patients A review of the scientific evidence for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in the elderly.
American Family Physician January 15, 2002 Lori J. Mosca	Optimal Management of Cholesterol Levels and the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are significant risk factors for coronary heart disease. Abundant data show inadequate utilization of lipid-lowering therapy in women...
American Family Physician March 1, 2002 Richard S. Safeer	Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines Update In addition to modifying current strategies of risk assessment, the new guidelines stress the importance of an aggressive therapeutic approach in the management of hypercholesterolemia...
American Family Physician April 1, 2004 Nina Solenski	Transient Ischemic Attacks: Part II. Treatment Risk factors for stroke should be evaluated in patients who have had a transient ischemic attack.
American Family Physician December 15, 2003 Ezekowitz et al.	Stroke: Strategies for Primary Prevention Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Every year, approximately 500,000 Americans have a first stroke, and approximately 20 percent die within 30 days. This article summarizes strategies that have been shown to be effective in stroke prevention.
American Family Physician October 15, 2003 Gavin et al.	Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes By increasing patient awareness of the link between diabetes and heart disease, family physicians can encourage patients to take medications (including aspirin), stop smoking, lower blood pressure, and lower cholesterol and blood glucose levels.
American Family Physician June 15, 2004 Darwin Deen	Metabolic Syndrome: Time for Action Family physicians can be more effective in helping patients to change their lifestyle behaviors by assessing each patient for the presence of specific risk factors, clearly communicating these risk factors to patients, identifying appropriate interventions to address specific risks, and assisting patients in identifying barriers to behavior change.
American Family Physician December 15, 2000 Alan J. Garber	Attenuating Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes All cardiovascular risk factors except smoking are more prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition to exercise, weight control, aspirin therapy and blood pressure control, therapy to modify lipid profiles is usually necessary...
American Family Physician March 15, 2005 Lockman et al.	Treatment of Cholesterol Abnormalities The relationship between coronary heart disease and elevated cholesterol levels has been recognized for many years, but now studies show an improvement in patient-oriented outcomes in patients receiving drug therapy.
Nursing September 2010 Margaret M. Bolton	Sounding the alarm about metabolic syndrome Any health problem that affects a third of American adults is sure to impact your nursing practice. Metabolic syndrome, a growing and commonly silent condition, poses a significant public health crisis.
American Family Physician September 1, 2003 Magill et al.	New Developments in the Management of Hypertension Advances in the management of hypertension have refined our understanding of systolic blood pressure, nutrition, medication selection, and hypertension in special populations.
American Family Physician February 1, 2005 Dickerson & Gibson	Management of Hypertension in Older Persons Antihypertensive therapy has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in older patients with elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressures.
American Family Physician April 15, 2004 Rao, Disraeli & Mcgregor	Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose form an intermediate stage in the natural history of diabetes mellitus.
American Family Physician April 1, 2001 Joan Bedinghaus	Coronary Artery Disease Prevention: What's Different for Women? Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, as well as an important cause of disability, although many women and their physicians underestimate the risk...
American Family Physician January 15, 2001 Michael A. Crouch	Effective Use of Statins to Prevent Coronary Heart Disease Primary and secondary prevention trials have shown that use of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) to lower an elevated low-density lipoprotein level can substantially reduce coronary events and death from coronary heart disease...
American Family Physician August 1, 2004 Wiviott & Braunwald	Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part II. Coronary Revascularization, Hospital Discharge, and Post-Hospital Care In patients hospitalized with UA/NSTEMI, one of the most important decisions is the early strategy of care regarding coronary angiography and revascularization.
Nurse Practitioner July 2010 Kristine A. Scordo	Treating antiretroviral-induced dyslipidemia in HIV-infected adults Studies indicate that HIV-infected patients (both males and females) may be at an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease
Nursing March 2012 Susan Simmons	Recognizing and preventing Acute stroke in women In women, stroke is the third leading cause of death, after heart disease and cancer, and the major cause of disability.
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Daphne P. Bicket	Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have documented clinical benefits in a variety of clinical situations, the disparity between the evidence from clinical trials and bedside medicine is well documented.
American Family Physician November 15, 2004 Snively & Gutierrez	Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention and Treatment of Common Complications Family physicians have the opportunity to screen at-risk patients, identify affected patients, and ameliorate the impact of chronic kidney disease by initiating early therapy and monitoring disease progression.
Nursing Management January 2012 Lawrence et al.	Type 2 Diabetes: Growing to Epic Proportions Affecting all age groups and all aspects of a person's life, diabetes is a major public health issue worldwide, requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes and support.
American Family Physician December 1, 2004 McConaghy & Smith	Outpatient Treatment of Systolic Heart Failure Optimal outpatient treatment of systolic heart failure has three goals that should be pursued simultaneously: (1) control of risk factors for the development and progression of heart failure, (2) treatment of heart failure, and (3) education of patients.
American Family Physician July 15, 2000 Ethan M. Berke & Nancy E. Morden	Medical Management of Obesity Family physicians must treat any conditions associated with obesity while working with patients on methods to achieve and maintain weight loss...
American Family Physician October 1, 2002 Konzem et al.	Controlling Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common diseases in the United States. Patients with diabetes have a much higher rate of hypertension than would be expected in the general population. Regardless of the antihypertensive agent used, a reduction in blood pressure helps to prevent diabetic complications.
American Family Physician June 1, 2001 James M. Lyznicki	Obesity: Assessment and Management in Primary Care Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition in which excess body fat may put a person at health risk. National data indicate that the prevalence of obesity in the United States is increasing in children and adults...
Nursing August 2008 Carl A. Kirton	Managing Long-Term Complications of HIV Infection Now that advances in treatment have transformed HIV into a chronic, manageable disease, patients are facing cardiovascular and metabolic complications you might not have expected 15 years ago. Here's how to help your patient manage them.
American Family Physician July 15, 2002 Dana E. King	Acute Management of Atrial Fibrillation: Part II. Prevention of Thromboembolic Complications Family physicians should be familiar with the acute management of atrial fibrillation and the initiation of chronic therapy for this common arrhythmia. Part II of this two-part article focuses on the prevention of thromboembolic complications using anticoagulation.
American Family Physician May 1, 2006 Luma & Spiotta	Hypertension in Children and Adolescents The prevalence and rate of diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents appear to be increasing. Most childhood hypertension, particularly in preadolescents, is secondary to an underlying disorder.
American Family Physician August 1, 2002 Mark W. Niedfeldt	Managing Hypertension in Athletes and Physically Active Patients Athletes and other physically active patients should be screened for hypertension and given appropriate therapy if needed.
American Family Physician November 15, 2002 Cynthia M. Williams	Using Medications Appropriately in Older Adults Finding the right balance between too few and too many drugs will help ensure increased longevity, improved overall health, and enhanced functioning and quality of life for the aging population.
Nurse Practitioner November 2011 Tracy Brazziel et al.	Stopping the Wave of PAD Early detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease is imperative. Here, learn the risk factors, screening and diagnosis for this disease.
American Family Physician November 1, 2005 Snyder & Pendergraph	Detection and Evaluation of Chronic Kidney Disease Early treatment of chronic kidney disease and its complications may delay or prevent the development of end-stage renal disease. Consequently, detection of chronic kidney disease should be a priority for family physicians.
American Journal of Nursing May 2009 Kristen J. Overbaugh	Acute Coronary Syndrome Coronary artery disease, in which atherosclerotic plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries and restricts the flow of blood (and therefore the delivery of oxygen) to the heart, continues to be the number-one killer of Americans.
American Family Physician January 15, 2004 Koenigsberg et al.	Facilitating Treatment Adherence with Lifestyle Changes in Diabetes Healthy eating and increased physical activity can prevent or delay diabetes and its complications. Techniques that facilitate adherence to these lifestyle changes can be adapted to primary care.
American Family Physician June 1, 2006 Wexler & Aukerman	Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Managing Hypertension Hypertensive therapy interventions in the US, such as lifestyle and dietary modification, often are overlooked. Although some lifestyle modifications may seem to offer only minimal blood pressure-lowering effects, they should not be discounted.
American Family Physician June 15, 2005 Mark H. Ebell	Decision-Making Tool for Treating Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation What is the risk of stroke in a patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, and should that patient be given warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin?
American Family Physician November 15, 2006 Fletcher, Mills & Taylor	Update on Exercise Stress Testing Exercise stress testing is an important diagnostic tool for the evaluation of suspected or known cardiac disease.
American Family Physician September 15, 2001	Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure Caused by Systolic Dysfunction: Part II. Treatment Treatment recommendations for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction...
Nursing March 2009 Kate J. Morse	Focusing on the Surgical Patient with Cardiac Problems Learn about the latest guidelines for assessing cardiac risk and protecting his heart during noncardiac surgery.
American Family Physician March 1, 2007 Flood & Fleisher	Preparation of the Cardiac Patient for Noncardiac Surgery Perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have noncardiac surgery.
American Family Physician September 15, 2006 Havas & Donner	Tight Control of Type 1 Diabetes: Recommendations for Patients Physicians play an important role in helping type 1 diabetes patients make essential lifestyle changes to help reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications.
American Family Physician September 1, 2004 Johnson et al.	Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: Part I. Definition, Disease Stages, Evaluation, Treatment and Risk Factors Family physicians should weigh the value of the National Kidney Foundation guidelines for their clinical practice based on the strength of evidence and perceived cost-effectiveness until additional evidence becomes available on the usefulness of the recommended quality indicators.
Nursing March 2011 Mink & Miller	Stroke, Part 2: Respond aggressively to hemorrhagic stroke Patients may arrive at the hospital any time from minutes to days after a hemorrhagic stroke, and nurses need to be prepared for the unique challenges associated with their care.
American Family Physician February 1, 2004 Lesho et al.	Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral arterial disease is common, but the diagnosis frequently is overlooked because of subtle physical findings and lack of classic symptoms.
American Family Physician July 15, 2000 Mitchell S. King	Preoperative Evaluation The purpose of a preoperative evaluation is not to "clear" patients for elective surgery, but rather to evaluate and, if necessary, implement measures to prepare higher risk patients for surgery...
American Family Physician March 15, 2003 McInnis et al.	Counseling for Physical Activity in Overweight and Obese Patients An estimated 97 million adults in the United States, or more than six out of 10 men and women, are overweight or obese. The role of physicians and other health care professionals is associated with greater efforts to help patients adopt healthy lifestyle habits related to diet and exercise.
American Family Physician January 15, 2006 Olendzki, Speed & Domino	Nutritional Assessment and Counseling for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Physicians face several barriers to counseling their patients about nutrition, including conflicting evidence of the benefit of counseling, limited training and understanding of the topic, and imperfect and varied guidelines to follow.