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Technology Research News March 10, 2004 Kimberly Patch	Tiny pumps drive liquid circuits Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Lucent Technologies' Bell Laboratories have combined microfluidics and organic electronics to make a tunable plastic transistor that could enable low-cost methods to drive, control and monitor labs-on-a-chip. The device can also use tiny amounts of fluid to adjust optical devices.
Chemistry World July 3, 2012 Simon Perks	Ultrafast transistors created in a vacuum Scientists at the University of Pittsburgh, US, have come up with a new type of transistor that uses a vacuum to conduct electrons a hundred times faster than the conventional solid-state version.
Technology Research News October 22, 2003 Eric Smalley	Nanowires make flexible circuits Nanowires might one day be used to make microscopic machines. But before then they could help liberate computer circuits from the rigid, expensive confines of silicon chips. A process that makes thin films from semiconductor nanowires improves the prospects for plastic electronics and electronic paper.
Technology Research News March 9, 2005	Nanotubes Boost Molecular Devices Researchers have constructed an extremely small transistor from a pair of single-walled carbon nanotubes and organic molecules. The tiny transistor could eventually be used in ultra-low-power electronics.
IEEE Spectrum April 2012 Liu et al.	MEMS Switches for Low-Power Logic A modern twist on a trusted old technology -- the electromechanical relay -- could lead to ultralow-power chips
Bio-IT World February 10, 2003 Robert M. Frederickson	Bringing Integrated Circuits to Life Cell-sized biochips mean that channels, pumps, and valves must become minuscule, too.
Technology Research News March 23, 2005	Layers promise cheap circuits The challenge is making organic transistors that work well electronically.
Technology Research News January 26, 2005	The How It Works Files Nanotechnology: The laws of physics behave differently at very small scales. At the nanoscale, electrons travel more quickly through wires, transistors can mete out electrons one at a time, objects stick to each other, and light can bend matter.
Technology Research News December 17, 2003	Organic transistors get small Researchers from Cornell University have shown that it is possible to fabricate useful organic thin film transistors that have a channel length as small as 30 nanometers. The smaller the channel, the faster the transistor. Previously, organic TFT channel lengths were limited to about 100 nm.
Technology Research News January 28, 2004	Nanotubes tied to silicon circuit Connecting minuscule nanotube transistors to traditional silicon transistors enables the atomic-scale electronics to communicate with existing electronic equipment.
InternetNews February 2, 2005 Michael Singer	HP's 'Crossbar Latch' to Replace Transistors? The company's Quantum Science Research group comes up with new signal technology that could power computers.
IEEE Spectrum December 2008 R. Stanley Williams	How We Found the Missing Memristor The memristor -- the functional equivalent of a synapse -- could revolutionize circuit design
IEEE Spectrum November 2011 Ahmed & Schuegraf	Transistor Wars Rival architectures face off in a bid to keep Moore's Law alive. In May, Intel announced the most dramatic change to the architecture of the transistor since the device was invented.
IEEE Spectrum May 2011 Keane & Kim	Transistor Aging Measuring the degradation of microprocessors is tricky. Doing it better would unleash more processing power.
Technology Research News October 22, 2003	Nanowires boost plastic circuits The move is on to develop flexible, cheap, plastic electronics, but so far organic circuits have fallen far short of silicon chip performance. Researchers from the Hahn-Meitner Institute in Germany have moved the field forward with a new way to make flexible transistors.
Technology Research News June 30, 2004	Method tests molecular devices Components made from molecules are likely to be smaller than those that can be made using today's chip fabrication methods, and they can potentially self-assemble, which would make for inexpensive manufacturing processes.
IEEE Spectrum May 2011 Wager & Hoffman	Thin, Fast, and Flexible Semiconductors Amorphous oxide semiconductors promise to make flat-panel displays faster and sharper than today's silicon standby.
IEEE Spectrum October 2007 Bohr et al.	The High-k Solution Microprocessors coming out this fall are the result of the first big redesign in CMOS transistors since the late 1960s.
Technology Research News January 29, 2003 Kimberly Patch	Tiny hole guides atoms against tide Researchers in Poland have made a synthetic device that uses an electrical field and an extremely small, conical pore in a thin film of material to coax potassium ions through the artificial membrane against their electrochemical potential.
Technology Research News February 23, 2005	Tiny transistors sniff chemicals Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have found that the chemical sensing abilities of infinitesimally small transistors made from thin films of the organic crystal pentacene are quite different from those of larger transistors made from the same materials.
IEEE Spectrum December 2007 Joshua J Romero	Japanese Engineers Turn High-k Dielectric Transistor Problem on Its Head One gate metal and two high-k dielectrics could mean a cheaper and easier 45-nanometer CMOS manufacturing process for transistors.
Chemistry World August 8, 2006	Single Molecule Makes Electronic Switch A single molecule, trapped between two electrodes, acts as a switch and has a `memory' of the type used in data storage, researchers have found.
Technology Research News June 4, 2003	DNA part makes transistor Researchers from the University of Lecce in Italy and the University of Bologna in Italy have produced a transistor made from a derivative of one of the four bases that make up DNA.
InternetNews March 15, 2005 Michael Singer	HP Plots Its Nano Course Company believes in moving computing beyond silicon to the world of molecular-scale electronics.
Technology Research News December 3, 2003 Kimberly Patch	DNA assembles nanotube transistor Scientists have caused a transistor to self-assemble from a test tube concoction of DNA, proteins, antibodies, carbon nanotubes and minuscule specks of silver and gold. The feat shows that it is possible to assemble the smallest of machines and electronic devices by harnessing DNA's properties.
Technology Research News December 17, 2003 Eric Smalley	Microfluidics make flat screens A new method for making big, cheap flat screen displays is a bit like making muffins. Pour liquid polymer into microfluidic channels aligned above an array of electrodes, let cure, and you have organic thin film transistors.
Chemistry World December 23, 2009 Phillip Broadwith	Opening the gate for molecular electronics Chemists in Korea and the US have shown that the current running through a transistor made of a single molecule can be regulated by tweaking its molecular orbital energies.
IEEE Spectrum November 2007 Sarah Adee	Transistors Go Vertical The semiconductor industry fights silicon sprawl by building up, not out. Today's CMOS transistor is planar, but chip makers are exploring more power-efficient three-dimensional structures as well as a planar structure with two gates.
IEEE Spectrum February 2013 Andrew J. Steckl	Electronics on Paper Paper electronics could pave the way to a new generation of cheap, flexible gadgets
Technology Research News November 5, 2003	Process prints silicon circuits Researchers from Princeton University have demonstrated a way to use a flexible stamp to print thin-film transistors. The researchers' eventual goal is to directly print electronics on flexible surfaces.
Chemistry World February 5, 2007 Lionel Milgrom	Hafnium Oxide Helps Make Chips Smaller and Faster Intel and IBM have announced that they will use dramatically different materials to build smaller, faster transistors for their next generation of chips.
Chemistry World May 12, 2011 Jon Cartwright	'Chemical soldering' heralds single molecule electronics Scientists in Japan and Switzerland have demonstrated how to wire up single molecules with conductive nanowires.
Technology Research News April 7, 2004 Eric Smalley	Angle speeds plastic transistor Going with the flow is a good way to pick up speed, particularly for plastic transistors. Rotating the crystal 180 degrees can change the transistor's performance by as much as 3.5 times.
Technology Research News September 8, 2004	Nanotube Transistor Has Power Aiming to make electrical componets faster, researchers are working to make components from carbon nanotubes, which are rolled-up sheets of carbon atoms that can be smaller than a nanometer in diameter.
PC Magazine October 2, 2006 Sebastian Rupley	Meet the Molecular Transistor Scientists around the globe are working on turning individual molecules into working transistors.
Technology Research News January 28, 2004 Eric Smalley	Chemicals map nanowire arrays There are two challenges to getting nanowire arrays ready for prime time -- finding ways of accessing any particular nanowire junction, and connecting the devices to the outside world. Chemically modifying the right junctions could solve both problems.
Chemistry World November 27, 2006 Simon Hadlington	Getting the Dope on a Single Atom of Dopant Scientists have successfully probed the electronic and quantum mechanical properties of a single atom of dopant in a silicon transistor. The research could provide important information necessary for the development of quantum computers.
CIO December 1, 2002 Sarah D. Scalet	When Every Molecule Counts A group of electrical engineers at Purdue University hope that their research could lead to ultrasensitive sensors capable of detecting a single molecule of a biological agent or chemical pollutant.
Technology Research News June 4, 2003 Kimberly Patch	Plastic transistors go vertical Researchers from the University of Cambridge in England have brought inexpensive, practical organic transistors a step closer to your grocery cart by devising a pair of processes that form small, vertical transistors from layers of printed polymer.
Technology Research News March 24, 2004	Triangles form one-way channels The microfluidic rectifier could be used in integrated microfluidic circuits, which use control fluids to operate pumps and valves that move samples and reagents in biochips.
Chemistry World February 28, 2007 Richard Van Noorden	First Graphene Transistors May Herald Future of Electronic Chips Researchers claim to have created the world's first practical transistors cut from ribbons of graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms.
Technology Research News March 23, 2005	Nanowires track molecular activity Researchers from Harvard University have found a way to use transistors made from silicon nanowires to gain information about how small molecules bind to proteins.
IEEE Spectrum January 2008 Alexander Hellemans	Thermal Transistor: The World's Tiniest Refrigerator Thermal transistors refrigerate one electron at a time and physicists plan to compute with heat.
IEEE Spectrum May 2006 Samuel K. Moore	Poky Plastic Perks Up Materials scientists have invented the first polymer semiconductor to perform almost as well as the type of silicon used to drive flat-panel displays.
IEEE Spectrum January 2012 Rachel Courtland	Start-up Seeks New Life for Planar Transistors SuVolta is pursuing precision doping in its bid to compete with 3-D transistor technology
IEEE Spectrum September 2008 Peide D. Ye	Beyond Silicon's Elemental Logic In the quest for speed, key parts of micro-processors may soon be made of gallium arsenide or other III-V semiconductors
Technology Research News February 11, 2004 Eric Smalley	Noise boosts nanotube antennas Sometimes adding a little noise can help a signal come through loud and clear. This is true for the neural network between your ears, and it turns out to also be true for carbon nanotubes. The result could be better cell phones, chemical detectors and video screens.
Technology Research News August 10, 2005	DNA process stamps patterns DNA's ability to connect matching strands is at the heart of a stamp that promises to bring mass production to the nanoscale.
IEEE Spectrum April 2005 Linda Geppert	Power to the Molecules A "crossbar latch" supplies the missing piece for a nanosize alternative to the transistor. Now, researchers at Hewlett-Packard plan to knit them into a huge circuit, hoping to put the technology on the market in about 10 years.
IEEE Spectrum March 2011 Lucks & Arkin	Synthetic Biology's Hunt for the Genetic Transistor How genetic circuits will unlock the true potential of bioengineering